Do you know what is SOLAR ENERGY/ INSOLATION (2021)

 Introduction:

The sun is the primary and most significant source of energy for all living things.

The earth and its atmosphere are the only source of energy on the planet.

for all processes of change on the surface of the earth and in the environment.

There are millions of other stars that emit radiation.

However, they are too far away to have an impact on the earth.

Energy is also released into the earth, primarily as a result of the decomposition of

radioactive materials, and the heat rises to the surface crust.

Solar energy is the vast engine that propels the winds and ocean currents, creates weather, and keeps the planet habitable.

Definitions:

“Insolation” refers to the radiant energy from the Sun that strikes the earth. The Sun's radiant energy is transferred in the form of comparable to short waves (1/250 to 1/6700 mm in wavelength).

length) and moving at a speed of 186,000 miles/300,000 kilometres.

The second type is solar radiation, also known as insolation.

Insolation (intercepted solar radiation) is a term that refers to solar radiation that reaches Earth's atmosphere and surface in a horizontal plane. "Insolation" refers to the solar energy that reaches the planet and its atmosphere.

The Solar Source:

Solar radiation is the primary source of energy that reaches the earth, and it is the most important factor to include in any analysis of energy sources. system of climate change The visible surface of the sun, or "photosphere," emits radiation with wave lengths specified by the emission temperature of around 5727°C. The solar spectrum consists mostly of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths, which collectively transmit over 95% of the energy received by the planet.

Solar constant:

Only one billionth of the energy emitted by the sun is intercepted by the earth. The solar constant is the average quantity of energy reaching the atmosphere's outer limits. It is considered to be nearly constant at 1.25 KW(1353 watts) per square metre OR a mean value of 1.940 Langleys per minute (one Langley equals one gramme calories per sq.cm). The solar constant is used to express insolation at the top of the atmosphere. Constant of the Sun Climate scientists and other scientists care about the amount of insolation intercepted by Earth. The average insolation received at the "thermopause," when Earth is at its average distance from the Sun, is known as the solar constant. 1372 W/m2 is the value. (Watts/square metre). The solar constant's consistency throughout time is critical, because even slight deviations of 0.5 percent or 1.0 percent can have a significant impact on Earth's energy system.

LATITUDES AND SUN RELATIONS

LATITUDES AND SUN RELATIONS:-

The following 3 latitudes are necessary owing to their significance to seasons on the world On sure days of the year (Equinoxes and Solstices), the Sun’s celestial point Angle, at native high noon, are going to be 900 higher than one amongst these latitudes. 

Equator: 00 an fanciful line on the surface equal from the North Pole and South pole that divides the world into a hemisphere and a hemisphere Two days annually (Autumnal Equinox: Sep twenty one,22 and Vernal Equinox: March 20) the Sun’s location, at native high noon is directly over the Equator.

Tropic of Capricorn: 23½0 South One day annually (Winter Solstice: Dec twenty one, 22) the Sun’s location, at native high noon, is within the Capricorn constellation. 

Tropic of Cancer: 23½0 North One day annually (Summer Solstice: solstice,22) the sun’s location, at native high noon, is within the Cancer constellation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

Arctic Circle: 66½0 North marking the southern limit of the world wherever the sun doesn't rise on the hemisphere solstice (December 21) or attack the June 21 (June 21).

 Antarctic Circle: 66½0 South marks the northern limit of the world wherever the Sun doesn't attack the hemisphere June 21 (December 21) or rise on the solstice (June 21).

SOLSTICES, EQUINOXES, AND LATITUDES: NORTHERN HEMISPHERE BIAS!

Summer Solstice: Sun’s celestial point Angle of 900, at noon, is found at Tropic of Cancer, 23.50 (23 ½0) North On or regarding solstice, June 21, 22. 

Winter Solstice: Sun’s celestial point Angle of 90 degree, at noon, is found at Tropic of Capricorn, 23.50 (23 ½0) South On or regarding Dec twenty one, 22. 

Vernal Equinox and Autumnal Equinox: Sun’s celestial point Angle of 90 degree, at noon, is found at the Equator, 00 On or regarding March twenty and September twenty one, twenty two severally.

SUMMER SOLSTICE:-

Summer cosmic time, June 21, 22 Northern Hemisphere is canted towards the Sun Latitudes over sixty six.50 North receive twenty four hours of daylight Latitudes over sixty six.50 South receive twenty four hours of night Longest amount of daylight for at some point in year for hemisphere latitudes First day of Summer: hemisphere.

WINTER SOLSTICE:-

Winter cosmic time, December twenty two Northern Hemisphere tipped far from the Sun Latitudes on top of sixty six.50 North receive twenty four hours of night Latitudes on top of sixty six.50 South receive twenty four hours of daylight Longest amount of night for in some unspecified time in the future for hemisphere latitudes First day of Winter: hemisphere.

VERNAL (SPRING) EQUINOX:-

Vernal Equinox, March 20 Zenith Angle of Sun at high noon is 90 degree higher than Equator Day and night are of equal length in the slightest degree locations on the world First day of Spring, hemisphere Calendar (including specific dates) and even monuments supported Vernal Equinox For example: the Council of Nice settled in 325 A.D. that "Easter was to strike the primary Sunday when the primary phase of the moon on or when the Vernal Equinox” Julian and New Style calendar Early Egyptians designed the good Sphinx so it points directly toward the rising Sun on the day of the Vernal Equinox.

AUTUMNAL (FALL) EQUINOX:-

Autumnal Equinox, September twenty two Zenith Angle of Sun at noonday is 90 degree on top of Equator Day and night square measure of equal length the least bit locations on the planet First day of Fall, hemisphere.

EARTH’S ELLIPTICAL REVOLUTION:-

The Earth, in its elliptical revolution, has a median distance of roughly ninety three,000,000 miles from the Sun At 2 points within the revolution, the space varies Perihelion: Earth is nighest to Sun, ~91.5 million miles Aphelion: Earth is farthest from Sun, ~95.5 million miles.

PERIHELION AND APHELION:

The distance between Earth and Sun is regarding a hundred and fifty M Kms. and since of the oblateness of the orbit the space my be a pair of 2.4 M Kms bigger or lesser than this figure.

PERIHELION AND APHELION - DATES:

Perihelion(from Greek word “Peri” around or close to and “Helios” the Sun)occurs on, or about, Jan 3-our planet is 147 million kms. from the Sun Northern Hemisphere Winter About six months later -our planet is 152 million kms. faraway from the Sun. Aphelion(“AP”away from; Helios the Sun) happens on, or about, July 4 Northern Hemisphere Summer.

PERIHELION:-

At point of periapsis, the Earth’s orbit is that the nearest to the Sun . The hemisphere is ‘tilted away’ from the sun, receiving less radiation, with shorter daytime. This is the Winter amount for the hemisphere.

APHELION:-

At point of apoapsis, the Earth’s orbit is furthest aloof from the Sun. The hemisphere is ‘tilted toward’ the Sun, leading to a lot of radiation, and longer daytime. This is the hemisphere Summer amount.

Changes in Axis Orientation, Tilt and Revolution:-

Orientation of Earth’s axis changes throughout a twenty three,000-year cycle referred to as precession The Earth’s degree of tilt (obliquity) changes through a forty one,000-year cycle – go between twenty two.5 and twenty four degrees Earth’s orbit (revolution) concerning the Sun changes from nearly circular to elliptical and back each one hundred,000 years – this method is named eccentricity Milankovitch Theory: these changes are often coupled to long climate changes supported angular distance variations in insolation (incoming star radiation).

Earth's Revolution about the Sun

 

The Earth revolves concerning the Sun One complete revolution takes 365.2422 days 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 36 seconds Approximately 365 ¼ Earth days. This additional 1/4th day is intercalary each fourth year within the month of Gregorian calendar month, referred to as the “leap year”. The Earth’s revolution is slightly elliptical, not circular Direction of revolution is counter-clockwise from AN space perspective(the Earth is traveling at over 107,000 kms per hour round the Sun.

Earth moves in a very constant plane – Plane of the great circle – in its revolution concerning the Sun.

 All the planets (and even the sun) square measure occupancy the Plane of the great circle. 

Earth’s axis is inclined concerning twenty three.50 from perpendicular to Plane of great circle.

Earth’s tilt has 2 characteristics: 

Angle of inclination

 Parallelism

The angle of inclination, the lean of 23½ degrees, may be a constant. 

The angle doesn't amendment throughout the whole revolution.

 Parallelism suggests that the axis is usually pointed within the same direction.

 The axis doesn't purpose in numerous directions because the Earth moves in its orbit and forever purpose towards the variable.

EARTH-SUN RELATIONS

 

"Introduction"

                         The Earth has 2 principal motions: 1.Rotation and a pair of.Revolution: Rotation is solely spinning of the planet regarding it’s axis. that is associate fanciful line running through the poles. Our planet rotates once in regarding twenty four hours. throughout any twenty four hour amount, half the planet is experiencing daylight and also the spouse darkness. The line separating the dark 0.5 from the lighted 0.5 is termed the circle of illumination. The Earth rotates from west to east in counter clock wise direction.

CIRCLE OF ILLUMINATION:-

                            During rotation, at any given time, 1/2 the planet is receiving radiation 

– daylight The other 1/2 the planet is darkly 

– night The ‘line’ separating day from night is that the Circle of Illumination The image below illustrates the Circle of Illumination while not the lean of the axis.

The Earth rotates on its axis One complete rotation (3600) takes more or less twenty four hours Rotation is from West to East Sun seems to ‘rise’ in East and ‘set’ in West Rotation speed is variable Fastest at the equator.

                    Layers of Atmosphere

The atmosphere has four main layers: 

ØThermosphere 

ØMesosphere 

ØStratosphere 

ØTroposphere

Troposphere:- 

(literarily that means, air turns over) 

Ø Lowest and thinnest layer 

Ø sixteen metric linear unit at equator, eight metric linear unit at poles 

Ø Why??? 

Ø ninetieth of the atmosphere’s mass 

Ø Temperature decreases with altitude 

Ø 6°C per kliometer

Ø prime of layer averages –50°C 

Ø wherever weather happens, all clouds,winds,storms,rainfall( weather sphere).

 

Ø Boundary between the layer, and also the layer is named the tropopause.

Stratosphere

Extends from ten kilometer to fifty kilometer on top of the bottom Ø Less dense (less water vapor) 

Ø Temperature will increase with altitude 

Ø virtually no weather prevalence 

Ø Contains high level of gas 

Ø layer 

Ø higher boundary is termed stratopause.

Mesosphere

Ø Extends to virtually eighty metric linear unit high 

Ø Gases area unit less dense. 

Ø Temperature decreases as altitude will increase. 

Ø Gases during this layer absorb little or no ultraviolet radiation.

              Thermosphere

Ø on top of the layer and extends to almost 600 kilometer high 

Ø Temperature will increase with altitude 

Ø promptly absorbs radiation 

Ø Temperature will go as high as one,500 °C(more a theoretic temperature, If some traveler exposed his hand it'll not burn).

The four layers of the atmosphere include: 

1. the layer, where we live; 

2. the layer, which contains the gas layer; 

3. the layer, where meteors burn; and 

4. the layer, where satellites orbit Earth.

Ø The layer begins at about five hundred kilometers on top of Earth and doesn't have a specific outer limit. 

Ø Satellites orbit Earth within the exosphere.

                 Pressure in the atmosphere

Ø Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit space exerted into a surface by the weight of air higher than that surface within the atmosphere of Earth. 

Ø The gas molecules highest to Earth’s surface square measure packed together terribly closely. 

Ø this implies pressure is lower the upper up you go into the atmosphere.

Ø perplexed level, the burden of the column of air higher than an individual is about 9,800 Newtons (2,200 pounds)! 

Ø this can be adequate the burden of a small car.

                     Measuring Pressure 

Ø A measuring device is Associate in Nursing instrument that measures atmospherical pressure. 

Ø Long ago, mercury barometers were used 

Ø Since mercury could be a toxic liquid, aneroid barometers are used today.

Pressure in the atmosphere